# [[EDUC 7215]] Assignment 3 Jethro Jones Viewable also at https://drjethro.com/7215ass3 ## Assignment My research question for this assignment is "is pro-environmental behavior (PEB) the same for males and females in the Missouri area?” H₀ Male PEB = Female PEB H_a Male PEB ≠ Female PEB To determine if this is the case, I will use a survey of Missourians that consisted of 162 males and 211 females. My H₀ is that the Male PEB will equal Female PEB. My decision rule for this data is that if the t-test or Wilcoxon test p-value < 0.05, then I will reject the H₀ Male PEB = Female PEB ## The Methods I loaded the data in SAS and filtered for male and female "gender=0 or gender=1". Then, I chose the analysis variable to be PEB and the groups variable to be gender. In the options section, I entered 0 in the alternative hypothesis box. The way I interpret that box is that if I have the males minus females, it won't equal zero. I ensured the tests for normality box was checked, and also checked the Wilcoxon rank-sum test box. I left the plots as default plots. I clicked run and received the following data. ## Tests for normality The various tests of normality of the males all denote that it is not a normal distribution. But the females curve is normal. Only the Shapiro-Wilk test is close, the others strongly reject normality. For the females, all tests fail to reject normality, so that curve is normal. ![[7215ass3normality.png]] In looking at the graphs, you can see clearly that the gender=0 is not normal, but the gender=1 is normal, therefore confirming the tests above. ![[7215ass3curves.png]] Finally, looking at the Q-Q plot, it's quite difficult to identify if they follow the line or are extreme outliers. It doesn't look like there are extreme outliers to my untrained eye, so I will rely on the tests above to confirm. ![[7215ass3qq.png]] ## Wilcoxon Scores Looking at the Wilcoxon Scores we can see that we can reject the null hypothesis that PEB scores for males and females are the same. In this test, we see that p=0.0108 <0.05 so we can follow the decision rule and reject the null hypothesis (H₀). The Kruskal-Wallis Test also confirms that p=0.0108 <0.05. ![[7215ass3wilcoxon.png]] And when looking at the box plot, it is the most visually clear example that we can reject the H₀ Male PEB = Female PEB ## Conclusion Due to the results of the various tests that I ran using SAS for Academics, I can confidently reject the H₀ Male PEB = Female PEB because the p=0.0108 <0.05. ## Assignment Directions Assignment 3 (20 points) The dataset used for this assignment (and subsequent assignments) was created from a Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) Theory-based survey designed to assess the factors that influence pro-environmental behavior in the Missouri area.  You will recall that PEB is the arithmetic mean of 20 questions from of the pro-environmental behavior scale developed by Markle (2013). In Assignment 1, you calculated the summary statistics for PEB by Gender, both for the three gender groups and for males and females only.  You found that mean PEB for females was greater than males, but we did not formally test if the mean PEB values were significantly different between them.  Chapter 8 provides us with a statistical test to objectively compare mean PEB for males and females in the Missouri area. Import the data (repeated from Assignment 1): The dataset is an Excel file named: “EDUC7215_Assignment_Dataset.xlsx”.  You will find under Modules -> Assignments on our Canvas page. You need to upload it into your SAS Profile Folder in the Cloud so SAS Studio can access it.  There are three worksheets in the Excel workbook: Final Data, ReadMe, and Coding Description.  The ReadMe and Coding Description worksheets contain details about all the variables in the dataset. The Final Data worksheet contains the data, and you need to type “Final Data” in the “Worksheet Name” box in the Import Data pane.  Also, you can change the Output Data name from “Import” to whatever you choose; I chose “Behavior”. Once you click the Run icon, the dataset will be loaded into SAS Studio (these are the same steps that I described in the lecture ppt & video for Chapter 5).  There are many variables in the dataset, but we will only use a few of them for this assignment.  Now you are ready for data analysis! Filter Gender: Recall that GENDER has three values: 0 = males, 1 = females, 3 = non-binary. Since we are going to perform two-sample tests for this assignment, we can only analyze two gender groups.  We are going to choose males and females since they have the largest sample sizes of the three gender groups. You will need to FILTER the dataset to only use males and females like we learned in the chapter example and practice problems. So, apply the following filter in the Filter Table Rows box: gender=0 or gender=1.  For this assignment, I want you to compare PEB for males and females in the Missouri area.  You will answer the research question, “Is pro-environmental behavior (PEB) the same for males and females in the Missouri area?”, through analysis with the two-sample t-test and the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test.  You will need to test the two assumptions of the two-sample t-test, normality and equal variances, through the appropriate visual assessments and formal inference tests.  After you have analyzed the assumptions, you will test the following two-tailed hypotheses with the two-sample t-test and the non-parametric Wilcoxon test at the type 1 error rate of 0.05 or 5%. •    Ho:  Male PEB = Female PEB •    Ha: Male PEB ≠ Female PEB Remember to include all the elements of a formal inference test (hypotheses, type 1 error, decision rule, conclusion) and the necessary graphs and tables in your narrative.  You should also include a Methods paragraph, and Summary Statistics for PEB by male and female group.  Use the Chapter 8 Example Problems document as a guide for how I want your assignment to appear.