- Correlation is not causation - Causation could have been our program, or *anything else* - _Counterfactual - what would have happened without the program_ - Confounding variable - something else. Unobserved characteristics. - Evaluations without a counterfactual **cannot** attempt to measure an impact or establish causality. - RCT - Randomized Control Trials - [[2023 The Year That the Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Paradigm Was Weaponized Against Vaccines and Public Health]] - ![[EBMupdated.jpg]] - [[Selection Bias]] - - Contamination - Unethical to withhold something we believe will work from someone? - Why don't we use them more?